What Is Kneecap Joint Replacement Surgery? And Why Is It Performed?

Knee replacement is a surgical treatment method applied to individuals who have lost their mobility due to severe damage, osteoarthritis, or injuries in the knee joint. This procedure aims to relieve patients' pain and restore their mobility by replacing the damaged joint with an artificial prosthesis. Knee replacement is generally accepted as an effective method for solving problems resulting from joint diseases such as osteoarthritis or knee injuries.

At Happ Health, in line with our vision of "Everywhere, for Everyone, Always Health," we make it our mission to bring the most up-to-date medical information straight to your door to restore your freedom of movement and quality of life. Protecting your joint health and managing your post-surgical recovery processes in the most comfortable way is the primary goal of our holistic healthcare approach.

What Is Knee Replacement?

Knee replacement is a surgical intervention applied to renew the joint in cases where the knee joint is damaged. During this procedure, the damaged knee joint is replaced with an artificial prosthesis. The prosthesis is generally manufactured from metal and plastic materials and is designed to perform the functions of the knee joint. In this way, the patient feels less pain after surgery and regains mobility. Knee replacement aims to improve the person's quality of life.

Why Is Knee Replacement Performed?

Knee replacement is performed to repair damage in the knee joint and enhance quality of life. The primary reasons for this surgery include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic injuries.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a condition occurring as a result of wear and degradation of the knee joint cartilage. Osteoarthritis is the most common reason for knee replacement surgeries. In this process, cartilage tissue is lost and bones begin to rub against each other, creating pain and discomfort. Over time, osteoarthritis leads to mobility limitation and deformities in the knee. If left untreated, it can affect vital functions. Therefore, knee replacement surgery is recommended in advanced cases of osteoarthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease occurring as a result of the immune system mistakenly attacking the joints. This condition can lead to severe damage and pain in the knee joint. Rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation, swelling, and mobility limitation in the knee joint. Progression of the disease can cause degradation of joint structures. Therefore, knee replacement surgery offers an important solution for rheumatoid arthritis patients to regain joint functions and relieve pain.

Traumatic injuries

Traumatic injuries are among the important reasons increasing the need for a prosthesis in the knee region. Severe injuries can cause major damage to the knee joint. For example, fractures, ligament tears, or meniscus damage in the knee region disrupt joint functions, causing pain. Such injuries can lead to osteoarthritis over time. Following surgery, knee replacement forms an effective solution to reduce the effects of such injuries and enable the patient to regain mobility.

What Is Knee Replacement Material?

Knee replacement is generally manufactured from durable and biocompatible materials. These materials include high-quality plastics, metal alloys, and ceramics. Metal components are generally made of durable materials such as cobalt-chromium or titanium; plastic parts are manufactured from polyethylenes possessing slip-resistant and flexible properties. The selection of these materials directly affects the durability, comfort, and post-surgical success of the prosthesis. These materials used in healthcare are designed for long lifespan and low infection risk.

How Long Is the Lifespan of a Knee Replacement?

The lifespan of a knee replacement can vary depending on the quality of the prosthesis, the surgical application, and the patient's rehabilitation process. On average, knee replacements can be used between 15 to 20 years. However, in some cases, prostheses capable of lasting longer may also be available. Regular check-ups and healthy lifestyle habits are important factors affecting prosthesis lifespan. Evaluating the condition of prostheses over time and receiving intervention when necessary will ensure longevity.

How Is Knee Replacement Surgery Performed?

Knee replacement surgery is performed under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia. The surgeon opens the front part of the knee to access the knee joint and removes the damaged bone and cartilage. Next, the prosthesis consisting of metal and plastic components is placed in its spot. This prosthesis is designed to perform the functions of the knee joint and enable movement. The surgical process generally takes 1-2 hours, and afterward, the patient stays in the hospital for a few days. Thus, knee joint functionality is restored.

Types of Prostheses

There are different types of prostheses in knee replacement applications. These types are selected according to the patient's condition and the degree of damage in the knee joint:

• Total Knee Replacement: A method applied in cases where the entire knee joint needs to be replaced. It is generally preferred in diseases such as advanced osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. All components of the joint are replaced with new artificial parts, restoring natural mobility.

• Partial Knee Replacement: A method applied in cases where only the damaged section of the knee joint is replaced. It is suitable for patients with damage in only a part of the knee joint, preserving healthy components. It stands out as a less invasive option, and the recovery process occurs faster.

Preparation Before Knee Replacement Surgery

Preparation before knee replacement surgery carries great importance for a successful surgical intervention. First of all, a detailed examination should be performed with your doctor and your medical history reviewed. Certain blood tests and imaging procedures may be required prior to surgery. In addition, you should pay attention to your diet and reduce smoking before the surgery day. Participating in physical activities as little as possible before surgery will positively affect the recovery process.

Who Is Suitable for Knee Replacement Surgery?

Knee replacement surgery is generally recommended for patients aged 60 and over. However, younger individuals with severe damage in the knee joint may also be suitable candidates. Suitable candidates include individuals suffering from severe knee pain, unable to perform daily life activities, and not benefiting from other treatment methods. In addition, knee replacement surgery can be considered a quality-of-life enhancing intervention in individuals struggling with basic movements such as walking or climbing stairs.

Post-Operative Recovery Process in Knee Replacement

The recovery process after knee replacement surgery varies from person to person. Generally, this process starts on the day of surgery and progresses faster when the patient proceeds attentively. Physical therapy plays a critical role in the recovery process because it increases the mobility of the knee joint and restores muscle strength. Rest and regular check-ups after surgery are critical elements supporting recovery. Full recovery is generally achieved within 6-12 weeks.

Physical therapy after knee surgery

Physical therapy after knee replacement surgery is one of the most critical stages of the recovery process. Muscle strength, joint range of motion, and balance skills must be regained so that structural corrections obtained with surgery can be fully reflected in daily life. The physical therapy process generally progresses in several stages:

• First Days After Surgery: Within the first 24-48 hours immediately after surgery, the patient is started on mild exercises. This early mobilization increases blood circulation, reduces clot risk, and helps prevent joint stiffness. Isometric exercises that activate leg muscles and ankle pumping movements are applied during this period.

• First 6 Weeks After Hospital Discharge: In this process continuing at home or in a physical therapy center, a personalized exercise program is applied. This program aims to increase joint range of motion, gain stair climbing skills, transition to unassisted walking, and improve balance. Progress is achieved with walker or cane support when necessary.

• Long-Term Rehabilitation (6 Weeks – 6 Months): In this period, the patient becomes able to comfortably perform normal daily activities with the knee prosthesis. Muscle strength and endurance exercises are increased. Hydrotherapy (exercises done in water) or resistance training with special equipment is recommended for some patients.

Things to do after knee surgery

After knee surgery, it is important to attend the physical therapy program recommended by the doctor without interruption to speed up recovery. You should take care to rest after surgery and avoid overloading the knee. To ensure this, you should keep your daily activities limited and use necessary supportive tools.

When can one walk after knee replacement surgery?

The time to start walking after knee replacement surgery may vary in line with the patient's recovery status and doctor's recommendations. Generally, light walking is permitted within 1-2 days after surgery. During this process, using supportive tools such as a walker or cane is recommended. Starting physical therapy sessions early will help regain walking ability rapidly.

Risks Associated with Knee Replacement

Although knee replacement surgery is generally a safe procedure, it may carry certain risks. These risks include:

• Infection: It is one of the most serious complications in the surgical area and may require additional treatment. To reduce infection risk, hygiene rules before and after surgery must be observed, and recommended antibiotic use should not be interrupted.

• Prosthesis Loosening: Over time, the prosthesis may loosen or dislodge for certain reasons. This condition leads to the patient feeling pain and disruption of knee functions. Revision surgery may be required in advanced cases.

• Blood Clotting: Blood clotting may occur in the legs during the post-operative period. To prevent blood clotting, performing exercises recommended by the doctor in the post-operative period and using necessary blood thinners is important.

What Should Be Considered After Knee Replacement Surgery?

To ensure a smooth recovery process after knee replacement and extend prosthesis lifespan, attention should be paid to the following points:

• Physical Therapy: Attend physical therapy sessions regularly and do not neglect assigned home exercises.

• Hygiene and Wound Care: Take care to keep the surgical area clean and dry, and monitor for signs of infection.

• Precautions Against Fall Risks: Secure rugs at home, use non-slip tapes in the bathroom, and take precautions against falls.

• Pain and Medication Control: Regularly use medications recommended by your doctor to manage pain and prevent clot risks.

• Assistive Equipment: Continue using assistive equipment such as walkers, canes, and crutches correctly until your doctor grants permission.

Plan Your Online Consultation with a Doctor Through Happ Health

Severe knee pain, difficulty in walking and climbing stairs, joint locking, persistent swelling, or the need for rehabilitation support after a previous replacement surgery are important indicators that you require an evaluation by an expert orthopedic physician or physical therapist. Taking control of your joint health without delay will directly enhance your quality of life.

By planning an Online Doctor or Physical Therapist consultation through Happ Health, you can have your knee health, imaging tests, and post-operative exercise programs evaluated by experts; and receive professional support regarding personalized treatment and rehabilitation processes. In emergencies involving sudden excessive redness, high fever, severe swelling in the leg, or uncontrollable discharge in the surgical area, the nearest healthcare facility should be consulted without delay.